Introduction to First Aid急救概念

First Aid define as emergency treatment given to the sick or injured.
急救是指在医护人员、救伤车未到之前，对伤病者初步的援助及护理。

Purpose of First Aid急救目的
- to preserve life保全生命
- to prevent further injury防止伤势恶化
- to promote recovery促进复原
- to protect the unconscious保护不省人事的伤病者

• Preserve life - yourself, casualty and bystanders
• Prevent further injury - do no more harm. Move the casualty only if it will be safer than leaving where they are.
• Promote recovery - help the casualty to breathe, stop bleeding, get skilled help and make the casualty more comfortable
• Protect the unconscious - they cannot help themselves. Therefore, ensure the airway is open, otherwise the casualty cant breath. Turn them into safer position on their side.

Diagnosis诊断
- History病历（事发的经过，例如旁观者叙述）
- Signs病症（伤病者的表现，例如肿胀、呻吟等）
- Symptoms病状（伤病者的感觉，例如疼痛、口渴等）

Choking哽塞 & Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation心肺复苏法

Choking / Foreign Body Airway Obstruction哽塞

Foreign Body / Obstruction blocked the airway.

成因Reason for choking
- 一边吃东西，一边说话
keep talking when he/she is eating
- 小孩由于好奇，把异物放入嘴里

病症和病状signs and symptoms
-cannot talk
-cannot cough咳嗽
-cannot breath
-face will become red due to cannot breath
-universal signs(伤病者可能抓住颈部或指着喉咙)

处理方法Management
- Check for danger

- Introduce yourself

- Ask whether casualty is choking

- if casualty nod（点头）/universal sign

- tell the casualty that you will go to his back and do Heimlich Manuever/Abdominal thrust. When u say cough, he need try to cough.

- make the casualty's body move forward 45 degree, feet apart(one advance of other一只脚站在患者两只脚中间，一只脚向后)

- (do Heimlich Manuever/Abdominal thrust腹部挤压法, at the same time, ask casualty to cough）x 5times

- pay attention to casualty whether he could throw out(vomit)

- repeat the Heimlich Manuever/Abdominal thrust until the obstruction/foreign body have came out or he is fainting and no breathing.

- do CPR if he fainted


腹部挤压法
- 在伤病伤病者背后以前弓后箭的姿势站稳
- 双臂环抱伤病者腹部
- 手掌向下，一只手掌的尾指放在伤病者肚脐，另一只握拳
- 将拳头扁平面向内，放在伤病者肚脐, 远离胸骨尖(第三和第四只手指之间)
- 向内及向上按压

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)
- Check for danger
Remove danger if can. If cant, transfer the casualty to safety place.

- Check for response

- No response, call help!!! ask someone to call ambulance 999 and call back to report to u.

- Head tilt chin lift

- Look, feel, listen

- Give 2 rescue blows

- Check sign of life

• Breathing
• Movement
• Coughing

- (30compressions + 2 blows ) x 5cycles in 2mins

- (use little finger to take out the obstruction)

- Check sign of life
if he/she have normal breathing, turn him/her to recovery position
if not breathing, do another (30compressions + 2 blows ) x 5cycles


Under what condition u could not perform CPR?
-Pregnant
-Poisoning
-Profuse Bleeding
-Spinal Injury

Under what condition u could stop CPR?
-the casualty is conscious/semi-conscious, is breathing
-doctor, nurse or an appropriate person /ambulance have been arrived
-u r too tired to continue

Reason to finish 5cycles in 2min
-total compressions = 30 compressions x 5cycles
= 150 compressions

-so, 1min = 150/2 =75 compressions
for Adult, pulse rate is 60-80times per min
75 is in between of 60-80

DRABCD

Primary Examination/Assessment
-DRABC

Secondary Examination/Assessment
-give consideration to profuse bleeding大量出血, breathing difficulties, shock and spinal injury
-give subjective interview and objective examination from head to toe(全身检查）

DRABCD
Healthcare Provider(EMS, 医护人员等）
Danger

Response

Airway

Breathing

Circulation
-check for the presence of the carotid pulse
-if no pulse, initiate CPR
-check for profuse bleeding(大量出血）

Defibrillation

Laymen初学者

Check for Danger
-to yourself
-to casualty
-to bystanders

Check for Response
-Alert
-Voice
-Pain
-Unresponsive (call for help)

Check Airway
-head tilt chin lift
-is airway clear?

Check Breathing
-look(chest raise) ,feel(breathing), listen(what problem did casualty face and what bystanders told you what they saw and heard)
-If no breathing, give 2 rescue blows
-check signs of life

• Breathing
• Movement
• Coughing

give Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)
-(30 compression + 2 rescue blows) x 5cycles in 2mins

Defibrillation (if available)
-apply Automated External Defibrillator(AED)
-follow voice prompts

Automated External Defibrillator(AED)

-normally 150J~200J
AED shocks
-activate heart to work
-increase flow of blood
-increase the rate of survival to discharge from the hospital after shock with the AED was 40 percent.
-allowing the heart to reestablish an effective rhythm

复原卧式 Recovery Position

将不省人事，仍有呼吸和脉搏，而颈部和脊椎没受伤的伤病者放置成复原卧式。
复原卧式的用意
-防止舌头后堕(duo),阻塞气道
呕吐物容易流出